The Truth About Fructose

The following are fructose related literature reviews, as well as comments from the Calorie Control Council in response to misinformation about fructose in the media. The articles below are listed alphabetically by author under the topic of the article.

 

Body Weight

• Lustig RH SL, Brindis CD. The toxic truth about sugar. Nature. 2012;482:27-29. Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Bocarsly ME, Powell ES, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. High-fructose corn syrup causes characteristics of obesity in rats: Increased body weight, body fat and triglyceride levels. Pharm Biochem and Behav, 2010; DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.02.012
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Hofmann, SM, Tschop, MH. Dietary sugars: a fat difference. J. Clin. Invest. 2009; 119(5):1089.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Shapiro A, Mu W, Roncal CA, Cheng K-Y, Johnson RJ, Scarpace PJ. Fructose-induced leptin resistance exacerbates weight gain in response to subsequent high fat feeding. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008:00195.2008.
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• Johnson R. Havel P. Watch what you put in that sippy cup, experts warn.  ScienceDaily.com, 2007.
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• Marinello N. Sticky Sweet: Corn syrup delivers overload of fructose. TimesUnion.com, 2007.
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• Daniells S. Food industry dooms children to obesity, says scientist. Food Navigator, 2006.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Komaroff A. Added sweeteners: Are High fructose corn syrup and other sweeteners fueling the American obesity epidemic? Harvard Health Letter. 2006 (12):1-3.
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• Jürgens H, Haass W, Castaneda TR, Schurmann A, Koebnick C, Dombrowski F, Otto B, Nawrocki AR, Scherer PE, et al. Consuming fructose-sweetened beverages increases body adiposity in mice. Obes Res 2005 Jul;13:1146-56.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  

 

Diabetes

• Choi ME. The not-so-sweet side of fructose. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:457-9.
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• Nagai Y, Yonemitsu S, Erion DM, et al. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 β in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2009;9:252-64.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Calorie Control Council. Response to Sanchez-Lozada et al. Editorial: how safe is fructose for persons with or without diabetes. 2008.
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• Montonen J, Jarvinen R, Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Reunanen A. Consumption of sweetened beverages and intakes of fructose and glucose predict type 2 diabetes occurrence. J Nutr 2007;137:1447-54.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  

 

Uric Acid/Gout

• Doherty M. New insights into the epidemiology of gout. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:ii2-ii8.
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• Nguyen S, Choi HK, Lustig RH, Hsu CY. Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents. J Pediatr 2009;154:807-13.
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• Choi HK, Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. Brit Med J. 2008 Feb 9;336:309-12.
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• Choi HK, Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. Brit Med J. 2008 Feb 9;336:309-12.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women. JAMA. Nov 24 2010;304(20):2270-2278
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)

 

Metabolic Syndrome/Cardiovascular Disease

• Jalal DI, Smits G, Johnson RJ, Chonchol M. Increased fructose associates with elevated blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010; 21: 1543-1549.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Perez-Pozo SE, Schold J, Nakagawa T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Joahnson RJ, Lillo JL. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010;34:454-461.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Cirillo P, Sautin YY, Kanellis J, Kang D-H, Gesualdo L, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ. Systemic inflammation, metabolic syndrome and progressive renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:1384–1387.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Miller A, Adeli K. Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;24:204-9.
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• Roglans R, Vil L, Farr M, Alegret M, Sanchez RM, Vazquez-Carrera M, Laguna JC. Impairment of hepatic Stat-3 activation and reduction of PPAR-alpha activity in fructose-fed rats. Hepatology. 45(3): 778 – 788, 2007.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments

 

Metabolism

• Vos MB, McClain CJ. Fructose takes a toll. Hepatology 2009;50:1004-1006.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Is fructose bad for you? Harvard Health Letter, 2006.
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• Warner M. A Sweetener with a Bad Rap. New York Times, 2006.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Hand B. Diet danger: High fructose corn syrup, the effects of corn syrup aren't so sweet. SparkPeople-Nutrition Section, 2005.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  

 

Plasma lipids

• Le KA, Ith M, Kreis R, et al. Fructose overconsumption causes dyslipidemia and ectopic lipid deposition in healthy subjects with and without a family history of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1760-5.
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• Stanhope, K.L., Schwarz, J.M., Keim, N.L., Griffen, S.C., Bremer, A.A., Graham, J.L., Hatcher, B., Cox, C.L., Dyachenko, A., Zhang, W., et al. 2009. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J Clin Invest 119:1322-1334
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Teff KL, Grudziak J, Townsend RR, Dunn TN, Grant RW, Adams SH, Keim NL, Cummings BP, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1562-1569.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council's comments (pdf)
• Couchepin C, Le KA, Bortolotti M, da Encarnacao JA, Oboni JB, Tran C, Schneiter P, Tappy L. Markedly blunted metabolic effects of fructose in healthy young female subjects compared with male subjects: Diabetes Care. 2008 Jun;31:1254-6.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Parks EJ, Skokan LE, Timlin MT, Dingfelder CS.  Dietary sugars stimulate fatty acid synthesis in adults. J Nutr.2008 Jun;138:1039-46.
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• Chotiwat C, Sharp C, Teff K, Harris RBS. Feeding a high-fructose diet induces leptin resistance in rats. Appetite. 2007; 49: 284. 
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Stanhope KL, Griffen S, Keim NL, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Nakajima K, Schaefer EJ and Havel PJ. Consumption of fructose-but not glucose-sweetened beverages produces an atherogenic lipid profile in overweight/obese men and women. 67th Annual Scientific Session of the American Diabetes Association. Chicago, IL, 2007:Abstract 0062-OR.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  

 

Other

• Purnell JQ, Klopfenstein BA, Stevens AA, et al. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging response to glucose and fructose infusions in humans. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2011;13:229–234.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Johnson RJ, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T. The effect of fructose on renal biology and disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. Dec 2010;21(12):2036-2039.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Liu H, Huang D, McArthur DL, Boros LG, Nissen N, Heaney AP. Fructose induces transketolase flux to promote pancreatic cancer growth. Cancer Res. August 1, 2010; 70(15):6368.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Douard V, Asqerally A, Sabbagh Y, et al. Dietary Fructose Inhibits Intestinal Calcium Absorption and Induces Vitamin D Insufficiency in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(2):261-71.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Stephan BC, Wells JC, Brayne C, Albanese E, Siervo M. Increased fructose intake as a risk factor for dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Kanbay M, Sanchez-Lozada L-G, Franco M, Madeero M, Solak Y, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Covic A, Johnson RJ. Microvascular disease and its role in the brain and cardiovascular system: a potential role for uric acid as a cardiorenal toxin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011. 26:430.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Welsh JA, Sharma A, Cunningham SA, Vos M. Consumption of added sugars and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk among US adolescents. Circulation 2011. 123:249.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Kendall CWC, Jenkins DJA. Is fructose a story of mice but not men? J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111:219-220.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Hofmann, S. and Tschöp M. Dietary sugars: a fat difference. J. Clin. Invest. 119:1089–1092 (2009).
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Nagai, Y., Yonemitsu, S., Erion, D.M., Iwasaki, T., Stark, R., Weismann, D., Dong, J., Zhang, D., Jurczak, M.J., Loffler, M.G., Cresswell, J., Yu, X.X., Murray, S.F., Bhanot, S., Monia, B.P., Bogan, J.S., Samuel, V., and Shulman, G.I. (2009). The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 beta in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced insulin resistance. Cell Metab 9, 252-264.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Gul A, Rahman MA, Hasnain SN. Influence of fructose concentration on myocardial infarction in senile diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2009;117:605-609. Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
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• Lane MD, Cha SH. Effect of glucose and fructose on food intake via malonyl-CoA signaling in the brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382: 1-5.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council's comments (pdf)
  
  
• Lê KA, Faeh D, Stettler R, Debard C, Loizon E, Vidal H, Boesch C, Ravussin E, Tappy L. Effects of four-week high-fructose diet on gene expression in skeletal muscle of healthy men. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Feb;34:82-5.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Thuy S, Ladurner R, Volynets V, Wagner S, Strahl S, Konigsrainer A, Maier KP, Bischoff SC, Bergheim I. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is associated with increased plasma endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations and with fructose intake. J Nutr 2008 Aug;138:1452-5.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
• Gersch MS, Mu W, Cirillo P, Reungjui S, Zhang L, Roncal C, Sautin YY, Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T. Fructose, but not dextrose, accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007 Oct;293:F1256-61.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Nothlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr.2007;86:1495-1501.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments
  
  
• Squires S. Stealth Calories. Washington Post, 2007.
  Click here to read the Calorie Control Council’s comments (pdf)
  
  
• Howard B. Sugar or Sweetener? Sucrose has its problems, but so do artificial substitutes. The Environmental Magazine, 2006.
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